Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), a globally recognized respiratory virus, recently gained attention following an outbreak reported in China.
In Karnataka, two cases of HMPV were recently detected as part of routine surveillance by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
HMPV: What is it?
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that affects people of all ages. First discovered in 2001, HMPV belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and is closely related to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). It spreads primarily through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing and by touching contaminated surfaces or direct contact with infected individuals.
HMPV can cause a range of illnesses, from mild respiratory discomfort to severe complications, especially in vulnerable groups such as infants, elderly individuals, and those with weakened immune systems. Globally prevalent, HMPV tends to peak in temperate regions during late winter and early spring, although it circulates year-round in some areas.
Symptoms of HMPV
The symptoms of HMPV vary depending on age, overall health, and immune response. Mild cases typically present with symptoms similar to the common cold, such as a runny nose, sore throat, cough, and fever. Moderate symptoms may include a persistent cough, wheezing, and fatigue.
In severe cases, especially among high-risk groups, HMPV can lead to complications like bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, or Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI) requiring hospitalization.
Transmission and Prevention
HMPV spreads like other respiratory viruses, such as RSV and influenza, mainly through respiratory droplets or contact with contaminated surfaces. Preventive measures include:
- Practicing good hand hygiene by washing hands frequently with soap and water
- Covering the mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing
- Wearing masks in crowded spaces
- Avoiding close contact with infected individuals
- Disinfecting frequently touched surfaces
Duration of HMPV
Mild cases of HMPV typically last a few days to a week, though lingering symptoms, like a cough, may persist longer. Severe cases may take longer to recover.
Diagnosis
HMPV can be difficult to diagnose based solely on symptoms, as it resembles other respiratory infections such as RSV and influenza. The gold standard for diagnosis is Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), which detects HMPV RNA. Antigen detection assays offer quicker results.
In India, agencies like the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) monitor respiratory viruses, including HMPV, through surveillance systems.
Treatment
There is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for HMPV. Treatment is supportive and based on the severity of the infection:
- Mild cases: Rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications to manage fever and congestion.
- Severe cases: Hospitalization, oxygen therapy, or mechanical ventilation may be needed for respiratory distress.
While research is ongoing for antiviral therapies and vaccines, early medical intervention and preventive measures remain crucial in managing HMPV infections.
Global and National Monitoring
HMPV has been reported globally, and in India, surveillance programs like ICMR and IDSP track respiratory illnesses, including HMPV. The government has reinforced its health infrastructure to detect and respond to emerging threats.
Similarities and Differences Between HMPV and COVID-19
While both HMPV and COVID-19 are respiratory viruses, they differ in key aspects:
- Similarities: Both spread via respiratory droplets, direct contact, and contaminated surfaces. They can cause similar symptoms, including cough, fever, and difficulty breathing, and are particularly dangerous to vulnerable populations.
- Differences: COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has a broader range of symptoms, including loss of taste and smell, and can lead to severe complications like blood clots and multi-organ failure. Vaccines and antiviral treatments are available for COVID-19, while HMPV is managed with supportive care and lacks specific antiviral medications or vaccines.
