Mumps outbreak in Kerala: A comprehensive guide on disease’s symptoms and prevention techniques

A surge in mumps cases is affecting Kerala, with 190 infections reported in a single day, bringing the total to over 11,000 cases in January 2024. The majority of cases are concentrated in Malappuram district and other areas of northern Kerala. Health Ministry officials have confirmed the outbreak and alerted the National Centre for Disease Control in the state.

Mumps is a contagious viral infection caused by the paramyxovirus, primarily impacting the salivary glands and resulting in swelling and tenderness, typically near the jawline. Complications such as meningitis, encephalitis, or hearing loss can occur in rare instances. The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is highly effective in preventing mumps and its potential complications.

Symptoms of mumps include fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, and loss of appetite. The distinctive sign is the swelling and tenderness of salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands near the jawline. This swelling may lead to difficulty swallowing or chewing, and some individuals may experience pain when opening their mouths or discomfort with certain foods. Complications like meningitis, encephalitis, orchitis (inflammation of the testicles in males), or oophoritis (inflammation of the ovaries in females) can occur. Seeking medical attention is crucial to monitor for complications and prevent further spread.

Mumps spreads through respiratory droplets, allowing the virus to enter the body through the mouth, nose, or throat when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Direct contact with respiratory secretions or saliva, such as sharing utensils or cups, is another mode of transmission. The contagious period starts before symptoms appear and extends for several days after swelling onset. Close contact, crowded environments, and insufficient vaccination coverage contribute to mumps spread. Practices like handwashing and covering coughs and sneezes are essential for prevention.

Prevention strategies for mumps involve vaccination and good hygiene. The MMR vaccine, administered in two doses during childhood, is highly effective in providing lasting immunity. Additionally, maintaining hygiene practices like frequent handwashing, avoiding sharing utensils or drinks with potentially infected individuals, and covering the mouth and nose during coughing or sneezing can reduce transmission risk. Upholding high vaccination coverage within communities is crucial to preventing outbreaks and safeguarding vulnerable populations.