Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a major and serious health concern, especially in India. As per a study in the Journal of Hypertension, the prevalence of hypertension in India is among the highest, with almost 30 percent of the Indian population suffering from it. It is a condition that doesn’t exhibit any obvious symptoms and is therefore often termed a ‘silent killer’. Various studies have highlighted how hypertension leads to serious conditions such as heart attacks, kidney failure, and loss of vision. However, it is important to note that this condition can lead to other health issues too, such as infertility. The impact of hypertension on reproductive health is often overlooked, and as a result, it either goes undiagnosed or untreated.
Understanding hypertension and its impact on fertility
Hypertension is a condition wherein the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is too great. In such circumstances, the heart has to work harder in order to pump blood. Usually, it develops over time, often due to unhealthy lifestyle choices such as a lack of physical activity, a sedentary lifestyle, and unhealthy food habits. In addition to this, health conditions such as diabetes and obesity increase the likelihood of developing this condition. The prevalence of hypertension is concerning and alarming, with more than 1 in 4 people suffering from it. Furthermore, since it doesn’t have any obvious symptoms, it often remains undiagnosed or untreated.
The Indian Society of Assisted Reproduction stated that India has a population of as many as 27.5 million infertile people, including men and women. Additionally, according to a Lancet study that came out recently, India’s total fertility rate is expected to dip to 1.29 in 2050. This raises concerns regarding fertility-related issues or infertility in the country.
Research indicates that hypertension may influence both male and female reproductive health, though the mechanisms can differ. In women, hypertension is linked to various conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) particularly those who are overweight or obese, can lower fertility rates and affect pregnancy outcomes, potentially leading to conditions like preeclampsia, which further complicates the ability to sustain a healthy pregnancy. For men, hypertension is often associated with hormonal imbalance, sexual dysfunction and issues with sperm production and function, which can impair male fertility. Additionally, the medications used to treat high blood pressure can also have side effects that negatively impact fertility in both sexes. Managing hypertension is crucial for those looking to conceive, involving lifestyle modifications such as diet, exercise, stress management, and medical treatment under the guidance of healthcare professionals. Couples facing fertility issues where hypertension is a factor should consult with their doctors about potential impacts and strategies for effectively managing blood pressure in their journey toward parenthood.
Preserving reproductive health by managing hypertension
For those suffering from hypertension, it is extremely important to take measures to manage this condition in order to preserve their reproductive health and fertility. Incorporating certain lifestyle changes, such as controlled, regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and consuming a healthy and balanced diet, can considerably help lower blood pressure. Furthermore, stopping tobacco intake and smoking, consuming alcohol in moderation, and managing stress levels can also prove beneficial for treating hypertension. In certain circumstances, medications might be required to treat this condition; however, it is important to consume medicine prescribed by a healthcare expert only. Seeking guidance from a healthcare professional can help in dealing with both hypertension and hypertension-induced fertility issues.
Effectively controlling hypertension is essential for preserving reproductive health in both males and females. Through prioritising blood pressure management by making certain lifestyle adjustments and receiving the required medical treatment, it becomes possible for individuals to minimise the negative impacts of hypertension on fertility.
The author is the Consultant and Centre head, Birla Fertility & IVF, Chandigarh.